Role of a Lawyer for Psychology and Public Policy- myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theRole of a Lawyer for Psychology,Public Policy and Law. Answer: There is an observation that defendants work as per the standards of truth and equity. In any case, this point of view is respected to be founded on fiction as opposed to truth. In such manner, it is critical to make reference to here that the connection which continues among equity and truth is absolutely an issue dependent on the way of thinking of law. Hence so as to talk about the presence of truth and equity associated with the lawful calling it is fundamental to express the significance of both the ideas. Equity is simply founded on truth[1]. The fundamental issue related with legal counselors is that the realities portrayed for the situation materials are frequently entangled. Each side mirrors an alternate story. In all actuality very much portrayed in the realities in any case, it should be discovered[2]. Subsequently, it very well may be built up that fact and equity are reliant on one another and requires dynamic examination. So as to give equity, truth must be founded on solid realities. The position to cause equity anyway lies upon the Judges anyway Judges to rely on confirmations and contentions so as to build up suitable choice. At times the deficiency lies with respect to the legitimate experts as they are the ones depended with a power to discover reality. The lawful experts some of the time bomb on their part to find truth because of the presence of absence of evidence[3]. In this manner, it is important that the establishment of the legitimate framework is absolutely founded on truth and equity where truth can be accomplished by appropriate examination. It merits referencing that legal advisors play out their obligations as to truth and equity which is a reality and not fiction as legal counselors practice their particular obligations inside their moral boundaries[4]. References: Hollander-Blumoff, Rebecca, Formation of Procedural Justice Judgments in Legal Negotiation(2017) 19-43 Group Decision and Negotiation,26.1 Lind, Douglas, The down to business estimation of legitimate fictions 2015 83-109Legal fictions in principle and practice, 22 Lustbader, Paula, Listening from the Bench Fosters Civility and Promotes Justice(2014) 13 Seattle J. Soc. Only, 903 Sevier, Justin, reality equity tradeoff: Perceptions of decisional exactness and procedural equity in antagonistic and inquisitorial lawful frameworks (2014) 212 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20.2

Human Resource Management Assignment Free Essays

Task Acknowledgment SHEET FOR SUBMISSION OF ASSESSMENT Serial No: 40074724 Please note: 1. Assignments must be submitted at the very latest the date due. 2. We will compose a custom paper test on Human Resource Management Assignment or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Understudies must guarantee that they are not liable of literary theft which is, basically, alluding to the words/thoughts of others without affirmation. Understudies must agree to the announcement underneath. | Students Declaration The appended task is my own work, and has never been submitted for appraisal on some other course previously. Legitimate referencing has been made to all sources: distributed or unpublished works and the thoughts of different people. (Student’s Signature) Yasas Kalubowila Full Name of Student Mr. Kalubowila Prathibha YasasDate submitted _14 Jan 2012_ Program _BA (Hons) †Business Management (Singapore) Course Code _39604BH______ Name of Module/subject _Human Resource Management Class ____1__________ â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Assignment Title/Reference no. (in the event that material) _HRM 08701 (Part 2) â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Instructor †Dr Allen/Mr Jeffrey Tan___ ___________________________________________________________________________ For Office Use| You are required to build up a two-day acceptance instructional class for Baristas (Day 1 should concentrate on organization enlistment and Day 2 on work explicit acceptance). The course is intended for all new baristas, and will be conveyed to gatherings of 12-16 individuals. Compose a report which incorporates a) The general point and explicit learning destinations for the course. Point of the Course As indicated by Armstrong (2009), workers are unquestionably bound to leave during the underlying months in the wake of joining the association. The fundamental point of this enlistment program is to invite our new associates in to Cafe Co. family and to get them to comprehend their job inside the association. This will assist them with settling into their employments all the more effectively and simultaneously this will help the staff to increase the value of the organization which will assist the administration with aligning with the organization objectives and accomplish upper hand over the long haul. In any preparation program, the learning objective must be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Timely (Armstrong, 2006, p506) so as to file the preparation objectives 1. Understanding the association and t * History * Understanding Vision, Mission Value Statement * Basic states of Employment ( Working hours, leaves, occasions, protection plans, ) * Organizational Structure 2. Working Culture * Effective group Management * Improve authority characteristics * Getting to know the line supervisors 3. Item Knowledge * Varieties of espresso and arrangement techniques Food Menu Beverage Menu 4. Client support * Importance of client support * Standard activity methodology (SOP) * Handling a client whine * Customer gratefulness Word Count 170 b) A clarification of how this preparation program will improve the exhibition of representatives. * Give a comprehension about the organization history, present moment and long haul objectives * Company’s vision, strategic worth articu lation * Allow the students to grasp organization culture and comprehend the guidelines and guidelines * Get to realize the administration staff and the earth so he students won't feel cornered * Understand the food and refreshments which will be sold along with espresso * Learning the espresso blends and assortments of espresso beans so as to give a decent impression to the clients * Build a cordial demeanor toward work and enhance client support to draw in new clients * Understand the arrangement of administration to give a smooth activity in administration and decline time slacks Word Count 110 Day| Time| Venue| Description| Media| Remarks| 1| 8. 30 am†9. 5am| Training Room Foyer | Breakfast Registration | N/A| The member will be given with course materials, Employee Handbook and other essential documentation. | 9. 15am - 9. 30am| Training Room'| Welcome speech| N/A| The overseeing Director of Cafe Co will convey the welcome discourse. | 9. 30 am-10. 15 am | Training Room'| Introduction to Cafe Co. | ProjectorVideo on Cafe Co. | The video will appear and expound on Cafe. Co History and the present standing. - History - Current Standing in the market| | 10. 15am †10. 0 am| Training Room Foyer| Morning Coffee Break | N/A| Buffet Spread with refreshments| | 10. 30 am-11. 30 am| Training Room | Our Business and Our Goals| Video, PowerPoint Presentation Speech| With help of the Employee Handbook, the coach will experience ,Company vision ,Mission,Value articulation ,Goals †Long term and Short term| | 11. 30 am-12. 00 Noon| Open territory | Leadership icebreaker game| N/A| Trainees are isolated into two gatherings to play the game â€Å"Magic Shoes†. Allude Appendix 1| | 12 Noon †1. 30pm| Restaurant | Lunch| N/A| The Group will be taken for the lunch at a café nearby| | 1. 0pm †2. 30pm| Training Room | Employment Conditions| Presentation Speech| The HR chief will brief on the Employment Condition and advantages given by the organi zation * Annual Leave * Absent Reporting * Hours of work * Overtime installments * Contract| | 2. 30pm - 2. 45pm| Training Room| Q A| 2 remote receiver, Facilitator| The Employees are to pose inquiries to explain any questions they have in regards to the agreement and the conditions| | 2. 45pm - 3. 15 pm| Training Room | Organizational Structure and Career headway openings | PowerPoint presentation| The HR Manager will ntroduce the top administration and the organization progressive system. Employment progression openings and instances of the people who began as baristas which had headways in their professions | 3. 30pm †3. 45pm | Training Room Foyer| Afternoon Coffee Break | N/A| Buffet Spread with refreshments| | 3. 45pm †5. 00pm| Training Room| Introduction to Cafe Co. Items | PowerPoint Presentation,Video Clips | The Employees will get the opportunity to see the line of items which Cafe Co. offering. | 5. 00pm | End of Day 1| Day| Time| Venue| Description| Media| Remar ks| 2| 8. 30 am†9. 0am| Cafe Co. Outlet| Breakfast| N/A| Buffet Spread with refreshments| | 9. 00am - 10. 30am| Cafe Co. Outlet| Food Hygiene and Safety Requirements | PowerPoint Presentation, Demonstration| The mentor will experience the food cleanliness security necessities. - Food readiness - Handling of types of gear - Fire wellbeing Fire Extinguishers-Fire Drill | 10. 30 am â€11. 00am| Cafe Co. Outlet| Customer Service | PowerPoint Presentation| Trainer will give an introduction,- Importance of the clients How to pull in new clients - Customer thankfulness - Customer Loyalty| | 11. 0am-12. 00 Noon| Cafe Co. Outlet| Handling Customer Complains| N/A| Role Play in gatherings of 3 to 4 - Each gathering is given a situation - The coach will survey them in dealing with the circumstance - Remarks from the mentor | 12. 00 Noon-1. 30pm| Cafe Co. Outlet| Lunch Meeting with the Line directors | N/A| Buffet Lunch-The Line Managers will go around and talk with the Trainees during th e Lunch | 1. 30pm-3. 00pm| Cafe Co. Outlet| Standard Operational Procedure of Cafe Co. | Demonstration and PracticalCutleries, Cutleries | The Trainer will Demonstrate the administration arrangement. Inviting the Guest-Locating a table-Offering the Menu-Taking Orders-Serving - Attending to different solicitations from the visitor - Table Settings (Cutleries)| | 3. 00pm - 4. 45pm| Cafe Co. Outlet| Coffee Preparation Methods followed by Coffee Break| Coffee Machine, Coffee Cups, Sample Food in the Menu,| The Trainer will Demonstrate how to make Different Coffee Mixtures-Each Group will attempt to make their own Coffee-All the food things in the menu will be served during this meeting. - The mentor will stress on the significance of item information. | 4. 45 pm †5. 5pm| Cafe Co. Outlet| Course Summery, Evaluation and Closing Address | PowerPoint Presentation, Evaluation Forms, Facilitator| The Trainer will give the Closing location and will leave the premises where the facilitator will lead the Evaluations | 5. 15pm| End of the Induction Program| Word Count 613 an) Explain the preparation strategies and media you would recommend for conveying each piece of the program, legitimizing your decisions. (1000 words) Learning Styles Before arranging a preparation program it is inept for the coaches to comprehend various styles of students. As indicated by Honey Mumford, there are four styles of learning; they are activists, reflectors, scholars and practical people (Gray, Cundell, Hay and O’neill, 2004) Honey and Mumford additionally proposed that the utilization of the faculties (hear, see, feel, smell taste) can improve the students learning experience. Figure 1 - They need models, realities and ideas to take part in learning - like to comprehend hypotheses behind activities - Involves themselves in new encounters. - Willingness to face Challenges - Have a receptive outlook - individuals who learn by Doing Practical methodology - like to put what they realize in to rehearse - Experimenting - like to evaluate new thoughts - Learn by watching and thinking - sets aside some effort to reach resolution - they abstain from jumping in prefer to watch in the side lines Training Methods Choosing the right preparing technique to convey the preparation is significant for both the coach and the student. There are bunches of variables to consider while picking a technique. Some of them are: Audience age, level of instruction, learning style of the students, financial plan, trainer’s abilities and preparing style. Preparing Method | Description| Advantages | Drawbacks | Where did we use? | Why did we use? | Lesson/Instructions| The coach will convey the exercise to a gathering of individuals | Ideal for littler gatherings. Can chronicle move of data easilyCan make the lear

Book Recommendations From My Favorite Podcasts

Book Recommendations From My Favorite Podcasts In the past year, my podcast habit has got a little out of hand. As of writing, Im subscribed to *tiny voice* 40 podcasts. What can I say? They make my commute go faster, theyre great to have on in the background while Im working, and, as Im finding more and more, they can provide some great book recommendations. And Im not just talking about specific book review-based podcasts (I have to keep my wallet firmly closed when Im listening to Banging Book Club…theres a little less temptation when Im listening to 372 Pages). Ive picked up book recommendations from podcasts on every topic â€" here are some of the titles that top my podcast reading list. The Half-God of Rainfall by Inua Ellams This podcast-inspired purchase is my most recent â€" I bought it this morning, after listening to Inua Ellams chat with Tim Clare on Death of 1000 Cuts. This story in verse follows the life of Demi, the half-god of the title who has to contend with the Yoruba and Greek pantheons. This story (which is also a play) explores the bond between mothers and sons, and is a love letter to language â€" and its next on my TBR list. Invisible: The Forgotten Story of the Black Woman Lawyer Who Took Down Americas Most Powerful Mobster by Stephen L. Carter Im a huge fan of true crime podcasts, and  My Favorite Murder is one of my…well, favourites. Thanks to a discussion about organised crime in the U.S. that took place on MFM, I found out about Eunice Hunton Carter, who came up with the legal strategy that took down infamous mobster Lucky Luciano. This fantastic tale of a brilliant woman, written by her grandson, Stephen L. Carter, is a crucial chapter in the history of crime and the law, and deserves to be read and re-read. Body Kindness by Rebecca Scritchfield I first got into podcasts as a way to pass the time and listen to some silly Dungeons and Dragons gameplay, so it took me a while to realise that, like books, podcasts can be excellent self-help resources. This book by anti-diet coach and body positivity maven Scritchfield, whose podcast is also called Body Kindness, combines the two, teaching you strategies to combat the negative messages pushed on all of us by a society that hates body diversity. Sawbones: The Hilarious, Horrifying Road to Modern Medicine  by Dr. Sydnee McElroy and Justin McElroy Ive written before about my love of the fascinating and often stomach-churning podcast  Sawbones, by physician Sydnee McElroy and her husband Justin (who podcast fans might recognise from  The Adventure Zone or  My Brother, My Brother and Me).  Sawbones deals with a different part of medical history each weeks, dealing with humanitys misguided attempts to fix our bodies when they go wrong (leeches, anyone?) The book collects together many of the best and most disgusting facts that theyve covered in the episodes. If youve ever wanted to learn the ins and outs (pardon the pun) of trepanning, check it out. Run, Riot by Nikesh Shukla The Good Immigrant  is already on my shelves, but when I heard Nikesh Shukla talking to Josie Long and  Jonny Donahoe on their parenting podcast  Josie and Jonny Are Having A Baby (With You!),   I realised that I needed to check out his other work. As well as being an editor, essayist, founder of a literary agency, and all-round powerhouse, Shukla has written several novels, including the YA novel  Run, Riot, which looks at gentrification and police brutality. The Grim Sleeper: The Lost Women of South Central by Christine Pelisek Another My Favorite Murder  recommendation, this true crime book looks at a particularly shocking case â€" a serial killer working over several decades, who remained uncaught largely because his victims were women of colour, making the police and society at large treat this horrific wave of violence as a lower priority.  The Grim Sleeper is a tough read, but an important one â€" a timely reminder that everyone deserves justice. So You Want To Talk About Race by Ijeoma Oluo Id been following the brilliant Ijeoma Oluo on Twitter for many years (and if you dont, rectify that immediately), but hearing her talk on Christy Harrisons podcast  Food Psych  reminded me that I absolutely needed to get her book. A frank and honest look at race and racism, this book is an essential read for everyone. If youre looking for more bookish podcasts, check out 11 of the Best Book Podcasts Launched in 2018. For more nonfiction reads, try 10 Must-Read Essay Collections By Women.

Analysis Of Kiki s Delivery Service - 1328 Words

Kiki’s Delivery Service (1989: Hayao Miyazaki) revolves around a young girl named Kiki who leaves her home with her talking cat familiar Jiji in order to hone her skills as a witch, but has difficulties to find her place in a new town while running an air courier service. Overall the movie focuses on tradition vs. modernity as well as the problems a young person can face while first living independently. I will be analysing the mise-en-scene and cinematography in the scene when Kiki first arrives in the town that she will call home. The scene starts with an over the shoulder establishing shot of the town that Kiki will be staying in, this is done to give the audience an idea about the size of the place and also allows us to see the town from Kiki’s perspective - imposing but exciting. After this we see a low angle sot looking up at Kiki as she flies over the ocean, she is laughing and yelling while flying her broom which connotates that she is having fun, this is done to create a contrast later in the scene where she is flying very formally to try and make a good impression. Another reason the ocean is used in this part is that the colour blue is used to represent calmness and serenity. Moreover, as with most Miyazaki movies flight represents the greatest form of freedom, therefore the shots of Kiki flying over the ocean while enjoying herself is used as a contrast to later in the movie when Kiki feeling trapped by her own feeling of inadequacy. In addition, a crabbingShow MoreRelatedA New Dimension Of M Government1528 Words   |  7 PagesE-PURJEE IN RURAL AREAS: A NEW DIMENSION OF M-GOVERNMENT ABSTRACT M-government services are becoming crucial substitutes. It is a part of modern ICT. But the thing is, ICT is not fenced only in the town areas. People of rural areas are also using ICT even if having fewer ideas about the systems. The notable thing is they can use it. The overview of my report isn’t describing all the aspects of ICT. In this report, my objective is to magnify the concepts and effects of digital procurementRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthis book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 0–19–928335–4 978–0–19–928335–4 ISBN 0–19–92833 6–2 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–928336–1 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 3 FOREWORD ‘ MichaelRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 PagesEach ad in the business magazine will be read by 1,000 recent M.B.A.’s and 300 lawyers with hot tubs. Fact 3: Each ad in the consumer publication will be read by 300 recent M.B.A.’s and 250 lawyers who own hot tubs. Fact 4: Nobody reads more than one ad, and nobody who reads one magazine reads the other. (a) If Harry spends his entire advertising budget on the business publication, his ad will be read by 10,000 recent M.B.A.’s and by 3,000 lawyers with hot tubs. (b) If he spends his entire

Pros and Cons for Paying Organ Donors - 1534 Words

My grandfather was a lucky one, though he had to wait 5 years until his luck was fully granted. He was diagnosed with sever kidney failure, spent 5 years on dialysis, then was blessed with the option of getting a kidney†¦ twice. Though the first time he had to reject because of the health of his wife-after her death, he was called once more with the option of having a kidney transplant. However, my grandfather is an exception, most people do not get called once, let alone twice, for the option of receiving a kidney. As of October 25th 2013, about 100,000 people were waiting for a new kidney in the United States. (SCU) Every day, 18 people from that list die along with 10 others being added. As of October 25th, 2013, out of the 100,000 people waiting for a new kidney while only about 10,000 received one; that means 90,000 people are either rolled over to the next year, or die waiting. The marvelousness of kidney donations, compared to other organs donations, is that each per son is born with two and can sustain a healthy life with just one; simple facts such as this is what has driven the black market kidney trade to flourish. (CBSNEWS) However, if this is the case then why aren’t more people donating? Is it because they are not getting something in return? Why donate for free when someone on the black market will pay 10,000 dollars? The main arguments against black market organ donations, not limited to kidneys, is that people do not know the risks- yet if someone isShow MoreRelatedorgans will save lives911 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Caitlin Pierpoint Summary of Organ Sales Will Save Lives In the essay â€Å"Organ Sales Will Save Lives† by Joanna MacKay, kidney failure is the main topic. In her thesis, MacKay states that, â€Å"Governments should not ban the sale of human organs; they should regulate it (92).† The thesis is supported by one main reason: it will save lives. In America 350,000 people struggle each year from this situation. MacKay also states that with the legal selling of organs, more people will be willing to giveRead MoreThe Price is Right Essay examples942 Words   |  4 Pagesthe wrong problems. One major problem deals with organ donations, and there is always a recurring question; should the family of the donor be compensated? Each patient unfortunately becomes an insignificant statistic joining the lines of hopeless patients who wait in line on the organ transplant list. 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Then the people do not pay the bill and the hospital has to charge more to paying customers because they need to get reimburse for the money they are loosing. | | | | | RE: Healthcare | Mary Claire Jennings | 3/8/2013 8:44:18 PM | | | Eddie I cannot agree more with you because about three weeks ago one of my friendsRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pages-long, 800-km walk from Bhopal. Hindu/ New Delhi/ 29/03/06 Cabinet nod on compensation to Bhopal victims Special Correspondent NEW DELHI: The Union Cabinet on Wednesday approved the implementation of the 2004 Supreme Court order for disbursement of pro-rata additional compensation on one-on-one basis to victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy. It also decided that the Government will take responsibility for meeting the shortfall of about Rs. 50 crore, as estimated by the Office of Welfare Commissioner.Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesroasting sealed in before shipping. 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Describe and explain the cause and effects of sea level change on coastal landforms Free Essays

The main effect of rising and lowering of sea level is the movement of the position of the coast. As sea level rises, the coastline is moved toward the land. Geologists refer to this movement as a transgression. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe and explain the cause and effects of sea level change on coastal landforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conversely, if the sea level drops, the coastline moves out toward the sea, or a regression. The effect of transgressions is most readily seen as the sea floods, river or glacial valleys, forming drowned valleys or fjords, respectively. Although not prominent on our coasts, this is a common feature on the East Coast of the United States. There are two classes of sea level movement, localized or eustatic. Localized sea level changes only affect a limited area of coastline and can be caused by tectonic movements or rapid influx (or removal) of sediment. Eustatic changes refer to the removal or addition of water to the entire global ocean system, thus lowering or raising sea levels worldwide. Eustatic changes are brought on by the removal and locking up of ocean water in glaciers, or by major plate tectonic movements causing changes in the volume of the ocean basins. One example of the latter is that during time of rapid sea-floor spreading, the spreading centers become warmer and rise, thus lowering the volume of the oceans. The reasons for sea levels change usually come after an ice age, as the temperature rises, snow and ice begin to melt globally. This affects different areas differently, as the melting of the ice can cause either transgression or regression. In Scotland where the ice during the ice age produced a lot of pressure and pushed the land down, the land was now free to move back up, causing landforms such as raised beaches. The south of England during this time will sink slightly, due to Scotland rising. This coupled with the sea level rising means that features such as dalmatian coasts and rias, in other countries such as Norway, this can cause Fjords. Raised beaches, as the land rose, former wave cut platforms and their beaches were moved out of reach from the beach. Raised beaches can be found on the west coast of Scotland and are characterised by a line of cliffs behind a formally wave cut platform. Along these cliffs you may find old landforms such as wave cut notches, caves and arches, the fact that these landforms exist show that isostatic uplift could not have been constant, and so the land raised and there was a pause between the first uplift and a second uplift. During the ice age some rivers continued to flow, and these cut their valleys downwards to the lower base level, as the ice melted the sea level rose, this caused the flooding of the lower parts of the valley and its tributaries to produce sheltered, winding inlets called rias. Dalmatian coasts are found when the drowned tributaries and valleys ran parallel to the coast rather than at a right angle like rias. Fjords are formed when glaciers cut below the sea level and when the ice melted they flooded to form long, deep, narrow inlets with precipitous sides and hanging valleys (fjords are drowned glacial troughs). How to cite Describe and explain the cause and effects of sea level change on coastal landforms, Papers

Contextual References in ‘Measure for Measure’ Essay Sample free essay sample

‘Measure for Measure’ is set in Vienna. in 1603. It was written merely after James the first. a Protestant swayer came to the throne in England after the decease of Queen Elizabeth. who was Catholic. Religion is a large portion of the drama. particularly in Act 1. when the new announcement is foremost introduced. Both Catholics and Puritans believe that sex before matrimony is incorrect. and during James the 1sts reign. the Puritans tried to do adultery a condemnable offense. This belief is portrayed in the drama through Claudio. who is being arrested for acquiring his fiance . Julietta pregnant. In Act one scene two. Pompey describes Claudio’s offense as â€Å"Groping for trouts in a curious river. † The word â€Å"peculiar† is used because Claudio and Julietta were about married. nevertheless hadn’t sorted out the dowery. a payment to the groom and his household from the bride’s household. ( This was common pattern in Jacobean/Elizabe than society. We will write a custom essay sample on Contextual References in ‘Measure for Measure’ Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) The position that sex outside of matrimony is incorrect. is farther emphasised by the belief in the seven lifelessly wickednesss. the foundation of morality in Jacobean society. One of the deathly wickednesss is Lechery ( lecherousness ) which is what most of the population of Vienna is guilty of. This is why all the whorehouses in Vienna are traveling to be closed down and Claudio is being arrested. and used as an illustration to the remainder of the people in Vienna. Angelo is the individual who implements the jurisprudence. and wants to kill Claudio as a penalty for his offense. He appears to be a rigorous Puritan. and is described as â€Å"snow-broth† which means he is person who doesn’t see any immoral or iniquitous. sexual feelings. nevertheless. the audience shortly change their positions and get down to see him as a dissembler when he subsequently on asks Isabelle to hold sex with him in order to salvage her brother. Claudio. In London. and Vienna. common pattern was the opposite to ideals of faith and province. For illustration. in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. a spiritual individual was thought to be baronial and had a high positi on in society. and heritage depended upon lineages in a household. However. pre matrimonial or excess matrimonial sex was really common. particularly in royalty. and because of this. sexually familial diseases were besides really common. Shakspere illustrates this in scene two. where Lucio. Gent One and Gent Two are jesting about sexually transmitted diseases outside the whorehouse. â€Å"I had as leif be a list of an English kersey as be piled. as thou art piled. for a Gallic velvet† The characters are jesting with each other about acquiring sexually transmitted diseases from cocottes. as whorehouses were really common in Vienna. â€Å"French velvet† is a wordplay on sexually transmitted diseases. such as pox and besides means cocotte. Another wordplay is used. on the word â€Å"piled† which refers to haemorrhoids or losing hair. both caused by pox. Peoples in Shakespeare’s clip believed in countenance. and this is demonstrated during act one. scene on of the drama when the duke is talking to Angelo. â€Å"There is a sort of character in thy life That to th’observer doth thy history Fully unfold. † Physiognomy is the belief that external visual aspect is an index of a person ’s personality. and here. the duke is stating that Angelo’s visual aspect shows that he is a spiritual and baronial individual. This is boding what happens subsequently on in the drama when we realise Angelo’s true character. Shakspere shows some similarities between the duke and King James who was governing at the clip when the drama was written. This is shown in the Duke’s monologue. for illustration. â€Å"I do non enjoy good Their loud applause† suggests that the Duke is modest and doesn’t like being in the limelight. which was similar to James the 1st’s personality. Shakespeare is seeking to show two swayers who are both just swayers. but have been excessively indulgent in their opinion which has lead to London and Vienna to go ‘diseased’ really. and metaphorically. as James was a batch more tolerant of people than Elizabeth was. James’s belief in ‘The Divine Right Of Kings’ is besides reflected in the drama. through Angelo’s character. when he arrests Claudio and so sentences him to decease for his offenses. This belief states th at swayers were sent down from God and were God’s deputies on Earth. so hence. were a higher position than ordinary people. Angelo takes his function as swayer really earnestly. and starts to move as if he is God. by interfering with affairs of life and decease.

Immune System and Page Ref Essay Example

Immune System and Page Ref Essay Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb) Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Short Answer Figure 12. 1 Using Figure 12. 1, identify the following: 1) A lymph capillary is indicated by letter __________. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 2) A lymph node is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 3) The lymph duct is indicated by lettter __________. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 4) Blood capillaries are indicated by letter __________. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 5) Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 1 Figure 12. Using Figure 12. 2, identify the following: 6) The spleen is indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 7) The tonsils are indicated by letter __________. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 8) The thymus gland is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 9) The Peyers patches are indicated by letter __________. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 10) The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 2 11) The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by letter __________. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 Fill in the blank or provide a short answer: 12) Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the _________ _. Answer: blood plasma Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403-404 13) Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called __________. Answer: edema Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403 14) The fibrous capsule of lymph nodes contains strands called __________ that divide the node into compartments. Answer: trabeculae Diff: 3 Page Ref: 406 15) Lymph exits the lymph node via the __________ vessels. Answer: efferent lymphatic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 406 16) The role of the __________ in the lymphatic system is to remove worn -out blood cells and return some of the products to the liver. Answer: spleen Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 17) Peyers patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________. Answer: MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Diff: 3 Page Ref: 408 18) Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called __________. Answer: pathogens Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 9) The process by which WBCs and phagocytes migrate to an area experiencing acute inflammation is called __________. Answer: chemotaxis Diff: 3 Page Ref: 411 20) The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls is called __________. Answer: diapedesis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 412 3 21) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cells surf ace is called __________. Answer: complement fixation Diff: 3 Page Ref: 413 22) One effect of complement fixation that causes the cell membranes of foreign cells to become sticky so that they are easier to phagocytize is called __________. We will write a custom essay sample on Immune System and Page Ref specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Immune System and Page Ref specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Immune System and Page Ref specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Answer: opsonization Diff: 3 Page Ref: 413 23) Cells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune response within us (but may within others) are called __________. Answer: self-antigens (autoantigens) Diff: 1 Page Ref: 416 24) Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called __________. Answer: haptens Diff: 3 Page Ref: 416 25) When an antigen binds to B cell surface receptors, it becomes sensitized (activated) and undergoes __________. Answer: clonal selection Diff: 3 Page Ref: 418 6) When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, we exhibit __________. Answer: active immunity Diff: 2 Page Ref: 420 27) Antibodies constitute an important part of blood proteins and are also referred to as __________. Answer: immunoglobulins Diff: 2 Page Ref: 421 28) The five major immunoglobulin classes are __________. Answer: IgM, IgA, IdD, IgG, IgE Diff: 1 Page Re f: 422 29) The binding of antibodies to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses is called __________. Answer: neutralization Diff: 2 Page Ref: 424 30) The clumping of foreign cells, a type of antigen-antibody reaction, is called __________. Answer: agglutination Diff: 2 Page Ref: 424 31) Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called __________. Answer: cytotoxic T cells Diff: 3 Page Ref: 425 4 32) Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous immune responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless are called __________. Answer: allergens or hypersensitivities Diff: 2 Page Ref: 430 33) Systemic (bodywide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called __________. Answer: anaphylactic shock Diff: 2 Page Ref: 430 34) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __________. Answer: helper T cells Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431 35) A tropical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called __________. Answer: elephantiasis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431 Multiple Choice 1) The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called: A) arterial blood B) venous blood C) plasma D) interstitial fluid E) lymph Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 403-404 2) Lymph flows: A) in a circular pattern within the tissues B) away from the heart only C) toward the heart only D) both toward and away from the heart E) into the capillaries Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 404 3) Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the: A) inferior vena cava B) thoracic duct C) right lymphatic duct D) left subclavian artery E) aorta Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 404; 406 5 4) Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return: A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 404 5) Which one of the following is NOT true of lymph nodes: A) they remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid B) they have valves similar to those found in veins C) they contain lymphocytes D) they act as filters along the lymphatic vessels E) they contain macrophages Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 405-406 6) Which lymphatic organs major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver: A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) Peyers patches Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 ) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat: A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyers patches E) thymus gland Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 8) Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ: A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils D) appendix E) Peyers patches Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 6 9) The lymph organ tha t programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the: A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyers patches Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 10) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called: A) tonsils B) appendix C) Peyers patches D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 11) Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity: A) spleen B) Peyers patches C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) axillary lymph nodes Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 12) Musoca-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes: A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils only D) tonsils and Peyers patches E) tonsils and spleen Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 408 13) The bodys first line of defense against the invasion of disease -causing microorganisms is: A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409 7 14) Compared to the nonspecific chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is: A) faster B) slower C) the same speed D) sometimes faster and sometimes slower E) not comparable in speed Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409 15) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses: A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409-415 6) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary wall s during the inflammatory process is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 412 17) Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indic ators of the inflammatory response: A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) fever E) pain Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 410-412 18) The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed area along a chemical gradient is called: A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) immunity D) perforins E) complement fixation Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 411 8 19) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT: A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 411-412 20) Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses. A) histamine B) interferon C) kinins D) interleukins E) pyrogens Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 413; 415 21) The bodys temperature-regulating thermostat that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the: A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pineal gland D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415 22) Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT: A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc C) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells D) stimulating complement fixation E) speeding up repair processes Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 415 23) The study of immunity is called: A) histology B) anatomy C) pathology D) immunology E) microbiology Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415 9 24) Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen: A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 416 25) Which one of the following CANNOT be said about the history of immunity: A) the ancient Greeks knew something existed within the body to protect it from infectious disease B) scientists of the 1800s discovered factors now called antibodies C) scientists of the 1800s demonstrated that immune serum could protect another animal from disease D) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered the viral origin of AIDS E) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered that injection of serum containing antibodies did NOT always protect a recipient from disease Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 415 26) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be: A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 416 27) The specific foreign substances that an individuals immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by: A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 417 28) Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages: A) they are considered the big eaters of the immune system B) they engulf foreign particles C) they circulate continuously throughout the body D) they act as antigen presenters E) they secrete monokines Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 10 29) B cells develop immunocompetence in the: A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 417 30) The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) artificially acquired natural immunity Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 420 31) What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) naturally acquired artificial immunity Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 420 32) Vaccines are NOT for: A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 420 33) Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT: A) tuberculosis B) rabies C) snake bites D) botulism E) tetanus Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 421 11 34) Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure: A) they consist of four amino acid chains B) they are linked together by disulfide bonds C) the heavy chains are identical D) the heavy chains are about 400 amino acids long E) the light chains are often of differing lengths Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 421-422 35) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies: A) they are the same or nearly the same B) they form the stem of an antibody C) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed D) they form an antigen-binding site E) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422 36) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes: A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 422 37) IgA: A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 423 38) Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigen s: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 423-424 12 39) The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422-423 40) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 424 41) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of: A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cell D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 425 42) An isograft is a tissue graft donated by: A) an unrelated person B) a parent C) a different animal species D) the same person E) an identical twin Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 427 43) Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft: A) corticosteroids B) radiation C) antiproliferative drugs D) gamma globulin E) immunosuppressive drugs Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429 13 44) With immediate hypersensitivy, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422-423 5) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to: A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431 46) The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called: A) multiple scler osis B) Graves disease C) myasthenia gravis D) glomerulonephritis E) systemic lupus erythematosis Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429 47) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease: A) AIDS B) multiple sclerosis C) Graves disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429 True/False 1) The flaplike minivalves of the lymph capillaries act like one -way swinging doors that allow lymph fluid to enter the lymph capillaries but not exit. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 2) The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 14 3) Lymph in the right arm is returned to the heart via the right lymphatic duct. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 4) The thymus gland, found around the trachea, programs certain lymphocytes. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 5) The tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and Peyers patches are referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 6) Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells well before the immune system i s activated. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 410 7) Some pathologists consider limitation of joint movement to be an additional fifth cardinal sign of inflammation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 412 8) The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 412 9) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413 10) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415 11) Fever is a systemic response triggered by pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 415 12) Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 416 3) Macrophages arise from monoctyes formed within the bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 15 14) Extremely weakened pathogens that are still alive are attenuated. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 420 15) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when o ne receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 421 16) Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 421 17) There are three major immunoglobulin classes: IgM, IgA , and IgD. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422 18) The antibody a mother passes to her fetus is IgM. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 19) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 424 20) Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 427 21) An antibody is a substance capable of provoking an immune response. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 416 22) Tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person are called xenografts. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 427 23) Allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 427 24) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 430 25) Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses its ability to tolerate self antigens while still recognizing and attaching foreign antigens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429 16 26) Our immune system can be affected by severe stress. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435 Matching Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue: 1) Located on the left side of the A) thymus gland abdominal cavity Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 B) spleen 2) Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 C) Peyers patches D) tonsils 3) Located overlying the heart Diff: 1 Page Ref: 408 4) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 5) Located in the wall of the small intestines Diff: 1 Page Ref: 408 6) Located in the pharynx (throat) Diff: 1 1) B Page Ref: 408 2) D 3) A 4) B 17 5) C 6) D Match the following protective mechanism with its associated element: 7) Traps microorganisms in A) nasal hairs respiratory and digestive tracts Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 B) mucus C) acid mantle 8) Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 E) keratin ) Contains lysozyme Diff: 2 D) lacrimal secretions F) cilia Page Ref: 409 G) gastric juice 10) Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 11) Filters and traps microorganisms within inhaled air Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 12) Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digested enzymes that destroy pathogens within the stomach Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 13) Propels debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages Diff: 1 7) B 13) F Page Ref: 409 8) C 9) D 10) E 18 11) A 12) G Match the following biological function with its antibody class: 14) Believed to be cell surface A) IgD receptor of immunocompetent B cell Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 B) IgG C) IgA 15) First immunoglobulin class released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 D) IgM E) IgE 16) Main antibody of primary and secondary responses Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 17) Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 18) Triggers the release of histamine Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 19) Potent agglutinating agent Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 20) Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus Diff: 3 14) A 20) B Page Ref: 422-423 15) D 6) B 17) C 18) E 19) D Essay 1) Explain the origin and pathway of lymph. Answer: Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic ves sels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403-404 19 2) Describe the methods the body uses to help return lymph to the heart. Answer: The return of lymph to the heart is aided by: 1. the milking action of the skeletal muscles, 2. pressure changes in the thorax during brea thing, 3. smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatics contract rhythmically. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 404-405 3) Describe several of the protective chemicals produced by the skin and mucous membranes. Answer: Skin produces acid secretions that inhibit bacterial growth, and sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria. Vaginal secretions are highly acidic. The stomach mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes, both of which can kill pathogens. Saliva and tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria. Mucus is a sticky mucous membrane secretion that traps microorganisms. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409 4) Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins. Answer: The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increa sed permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 410-412 5) List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense. Answer: 1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathoge ns that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409-411 6) Describe the four major types of transplant grafts. Answer: Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another within the same person. Isografts are tissue grafts harves ted from a genetically identical person (identical twin). Allografts are tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person. Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from different animal species. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 427 7) Explain three current theories that attempt to explain why self-tolerance breaks down in autoimmune disorders. Answer: Inefficient lymphocyte programming is one theory that suggests self-reactive B or T cells escape to the rest of the body. Another theory is that self -proteins appear within the circulation that were not previously exposed to the immune system, thus initiating an immune response. These hidden antigens are found in sperm cells, the eye lens, and thyroid proteins. Another theory is that antibodies produced against fore ign antigens cross-react with self-antigens such as when streptococcal bacteria crossreact with heart antigens causing rheumatic fever. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429 20

American Beginnings (Part 2) Essay

American Beginnings (Part 2) Essay American Beginnings (Part 2) Essay American Beginnings (Part 2) The Jeffersonian Era Jefferson’s Presidency 1. Election of 1800 a. Adams vs. Jefferson b. Jefferson won Adams by 8 electoral votes c. Jefferson won election d. 12th Amendment passed stating people to cast separate ballots for president and vice president. 2. Simplifying the Government a. Jeffersonian Republicanism: Jefferson’s theory of government that said the people should control the government and simple government was the best b. Reduced army and expenses c. Tried to reduce Federalist positions in government 3. John Marshall and the Supreme Court a. Marbury vs. Madison i. Principle of judicial review established ii. John Marshall = Chief Justice iii. 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional b. Judicial review: ability of supreme court to declare act of congress unconstitutional 4. Louisiana Purchase a. Jefferson expanded US borders b. Bought from France for $15 million c. More than doubled the United States size 5. Lewis and Clark Expedition a. 1803: appointed Lewis and Clark to explore b. Took 2 years 4 months c. Proved transcontinental travel possible Madison and the War of 1812 James Madison became president in 1812 1. The Causes of the War a. US focused on Britain instead of France because of impressment b. Impressment: forcible seizure of men for military service c. Didn’t buy goods from Britain but didn’t affect Britain d. War Hawks: group of young congressmen from South who demanded war e. Upset Native Americans and fought against the settlers f. US called for war against Britain because Native Americans used arms from Britain 2. The Course of the War a. Congress approved war in early June b. US unprepared but Britain focused on Napoleon in Europe c. US invaded Canada and failed d. Tecumseh killed at Battle of Thames e. Aug. 1814: British burned the Capitol f. Jan. 8, 1815: Battle of New Orleans i. General Andrew Jackson got troops to protect city ii. 5,400 Americans fought against 8,000 troops and won with few loses 3. The Consequences of the War a. British and Americans signed peace agreement before Battle of New Orleans but didn’t get to generals before battle was fought b. Treaty of Ghent signed Dec. 24, 1814 declared armistice c. Led to the end of the Federalist party d. Encouraged growth of American industries to replace products no longer available because of war e. Confirmed US as a free and independent nation Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy President James Monroe (1816) established foreign policy based on nationalism 1. Territory and Boundaries a. 1817: Rush-Bagot Treaty i. Agreement between John Q. Adams and Britain ii. Reduces Great Lakes fleets to only a few b. Convention of 1818 i. Fixed Northern US border at 49th parallel west to Rocky Mountains c. Reached compromise with Britain to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years d. 1819: Adams-Onis Treaty e. Adams convinced Don Luis de Onis (Spanish Minister) to transfer Florida to US 2. The Monroe Doctrine a. Americans wanted to reduce European power in America b. Monroe Doctrine: a policy of US opposition to any European interference in te affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe c. Monroe Doctrine created in 1823- important basis for future American policy d. Speech ignored because US had no armed forces to support doctrine The Age of Jackson Regional Economies Create Differences North became industrialized while South became agricultural 1. Early Industry in the United States a. Industries began in North b. Lowered cost of producing goods and increase markets and profits c. Started Industrial Revolution d. 1793: British immigrant, Samuel Slater, brought textile over to Rhode Island 2. Two Agricultural Systems Develop a. Farmers discovered how to specialize in one or two crops to make mass production b. Eli Whitney created the cotton

Harpo Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harpo - Article Example h Winfrey show where she showed her social support to the population both local and international has revolutionized the society to become more open minded towards discussing social issues openly. More importantly, is her role in promoting the social activity of finding a solution to these social issues and implementing these solutions. This has influenced many communities to outgrow certain levels of criticism and denial well enough to address social issues faced daily. There are some few potential dangers in having a super powerful leader such as Oprah Winfrey being the head of your company (â€Å"Case: Harpo,† n.d). One of the dangers is when the leader has so much power and decides to abuse and misuse this power. This action is very dangerous especially if the investors are engaged in false investment schemes promoted by the leader that will only have them losing their finances. The company will gain a bad reputation, and recovery is very hefty. Another potential danger is in the leader instilling too much fear towards the employees in the company. There is a certain model of treatment that every leader will want to articulate in their company toward themselves and even towards the employees. If the leaders start to be harsh and have the management do the same, the employees’ performance will be negatively affected, thus, making the company employees fearful of the leader and unable to achieve the company goals every year. As already witnessed in history, when a super powerful leader of a company or nation departs from it either through retirement or because of an ailment or death, the chances of creating a continuum of success is very slim. The best ways in which Oprah Winfrey can ensure that Harpo will survive after her departure, whether due to death, ailment or even due to a tarnished public appeal is by creating and implementing a leadership succession plan. In this situation, she should have an active plan of having every individual undertaking a

Summarize the banking system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarize the banking system - Research Paper Example Institutions that are concerned with this type of economic interest are the investment banks. Then there are those banks that deal with the monetary policies and the change in the value of a specific currency since trade cannot happen without the presence of currency. Such institutions are called the national central banks (Mullineux & Murinde, 2003).   A trustworthy banking system is important since it assures individuals that their finances are safe and that banks are trustworthy. If an individual is going to trust the bank with their money, then the system might as well be secure, trustworthy and reliable. The banking system has evolved with time. With the presence of technology, it has become more secure, safe, trustworthy, efficient and reliable (Mullineux & Murinde, 2003).   From the time there was the presence of goldsmiths to the current time where there is the modern federal banking system; there has been much change in the system. There was a time that the main piece of trade was metal; gold, silver and bronze (Apel, 2006).  Presently, the main item of trade is money. Banking in the United States is considered best since when it comes to the banking structure, it is consisted of a number of regulators. Compared to other countries like Japan, in the U.S, banking is regulated at two levels; the federal level and the state level (Apel, 2006).   In Japan, the regulation of the banking system is combined into a single financial agent. For the United States, the advantage is that the state maintains separate services ranging from security, insurance, commodity and all this is different from the banking services (Apel,

The Un Global Compact Politics Essay

The Un Global Compact Politics Essay The United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) is a worldwide initiative started by the United Nations in order to encourage businesses to take up more sustainable and socially responsible policies, and to also report their implementation. It consists of ten guiding principles pertaining to the areas of human rights, labor, the environment and anti-corruption. It is the worlds largest corporate citizenship initiative with over 7700 members in 130 countries. UNGC is a unique platform that gives a strategic edge to its participants to advance their corporate commitments to the sustainability. UNGC is endorsed directly by the CEOs. It has been structured as a public-private initiative. The UNGC is a policy framework to advance the development as well as implementation, and also the disclosure of sustainability principles and practices. It offers its participants an array of specialized work streams, management tools and resources, and special programs and projects which have been designed to advance sustainable business models and markets in order build a more sustainable global economy.UNGC has two main objectives: First; Mainstream the ten principles in business activities around the world and Second; Catalyze actions in support of broader UN goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals. TheUN Secretary-General at that time Mr. Kofi Annan in an address to The World Economic Forum announced the UNGC on January 31, 1999. Itwas officially launched at UN Headquarters in New York on July 26, 2000. The first two principles pertain to human rights. The next 4 principles deal with labor standards businesses should follow. The next 3 deals with environment protection and the last one advocated anti-corruption. The Global Compact is a voluntary initiative and a company that wants to subscribe to the Principles has to make a clear statement of support and has to include references in its annual report or in any other publically available documents detailing the progress it has made in adhering to the Principles. The company also needs to submit a brief description of this report to the Global Compact website. If the company fails to submit this description within two years of signing to be a part ofthe Compact (and after that every two years), the company will be removed from the list of participants. The participants to UNGC intend to lead through good example and setting a high moral tone. The main purpose of the Global Compact is to focus on the moral purpose of business. Kofi Annan summarizes it well in a quote: Let us choose to unite the power of markets with the authority of universal ideals. Let us choose to reconcile the creative forces of private entrepreneurship with the needs of the disadvantaged and the requirements of future generations. Then ten principles are as follows: Human Rights Principle 1:Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights within their sphere of influence; and Principle 2: Make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses. Labor Principle 3:Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; Principle 4: The elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor; Principle 5: The effective abolition of child labor; and Principle 6: The elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Environment Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges; Principle 8: Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility, and Principle 9: Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies. Corruption Principle 10:Business should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery. Is the Global Compact a Product of Occidental Liberalism? International regimes are defined as social institutions around which actor expectations converge in a given area of international relations. Being true for any social institution, the participants discretion to act on issues that fall within the realm of the institution is by themselves limited by the international regime. The occidental international economic order that emerged post the Second World War was a highly advantageous combination of factors that led to long and sustained economic growth. The economic power was distributed worldwide in such a manner that it favored an open approach to organizing international economic relations. Worldwide there existed an ideological consensus regarding the role state should play to ensure domestic employment, price stability and social security. The body of economic analysis and policy prescriptions at that time prescribed the governments to act in this manner. Most of the major corporations were national in scope and the international e conomic relations more or less comprised of transactions amongst separate and distinct national economies. The Bretton Woods institutions, the GATT and the United Nations were the few international organizations that had been put in place to express and support the post WWII compromise of embedded liberalism. Major changes have taken place in the last half-century that has undermined the effectiveness of this set of understandings and arrangements. However, Globalization is the single greatest factor that has brought about these changes. Globalization has led to a complete disconnection between the world of production and the world of finance leading to an overall change in the system of institutional relationships. This has led to two disequilibria in the worlds political economy. The first disequilibrium exists between the economic sphere, and the broader frameworks of shared values and practices of which the economic sphere is a part. The second disequilibrium exists within the international governance structures. The major capitalist countries can withstand even the worst effects of this imbalance since they have the domestic and the institutional capacity to protect themselves but the rest of the developing world is extremely vulnerable, and this vulnerability has been further exacerbated by the neo-liberal orthodoxies of the so-called Washington consensus. Therefore, the international community has to devise the kind of institutional equilibrium that used to exist in the post WWII international economic order. The international community has to focus here on the long-term interaction between two key actors in the global economy, the multinational corporations (MNCs) and multinational Non-Government Organizations (NGOs). The key players of civil society have started to increasingly target MNCs and the international trading system as leverage to pursue social and environmental concerns. This dynamic interplay between the two creates a potential for to bridge the disequilibrium between economic globalization and the international governance structures. The United Nations Global Compact is one such initiative that challenges the international business community to help the UN in implementing the social values of human rights, environment and labor. John Gerard Ruggie who is the Kirkpatrick Professor of International Affairs at the Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of Government says that the basic problem is that MNCs, acting as non-territorial spaces and management, have given rise to global governance gaps and governance failures. Ruggie is well known in academic circles for coining the term embedded liberalism, that he uses to describe the post-WWII coupling of multilateralism with the aim to achieve domestic stability; and for having emphasized the roles that ideas play in world politics. He has explored the emergence of such gaps in governance in several of his works (e.g., Ruggie, 1998b, 2003, 2004). Ruggie helped UN Secretary- General Kofi Anan in designing and establishing the UN Global Compact, as the Assistant Secretary-general and Chief Adviser for strategic planning to Kofi Annan. Without speculating on the importance of Ruggies role in the creation of the compact, the speech Kofi Annan used to launch the Global Compact at the World Economic Forum in Davos in 1999, strongly suggests that John Ruggies influence was substantial. It appears that Kofi Annans suggestion that: Globalization is a fact of life. But I believe we have underestimated its fragility. The problem is this. The spread of markets outpaces the ability of societies and their political systems to adjust to them, let alone to guide the course they take. History teaches us that such an imbalance between the economic, social and political realms can never be sustained for very long. Seems to have been directly informed by Ruggies work on embedded liberalism (e.g. 1982, 1998b) According to Ruggie (2003), theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ten principles of the UNGC are drawn from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ILOs Fundamental Principles on Rights at Work and theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Rio Principles on Environment and Development. The UNGC is based on beliefs that have been universally recognized byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨governments, thus spelling out the goals of the whole international community. The UNGC partners with members of the corporate world and the civil society to reduce the gap betweenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨dreams and reality It aims to become an agency for the promotion of social customs. Thus, UNGC is another measure to the growing number of responses to globalizationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨challenges that also partner with the private sector. The Challenge The UNGC is based on an ideology of the benefits of open markets. Various high-ranking UN officials describe the UN Global Compact as the only remotely viable means of hauling billions of people out of utter poverty. The term open markets sounds nice, but in the real world they translate into the skewed rules created by the WTO that benefit the developed nations at the expense of developing countries, poor farmers, consumers and the environment. It is apparent that most of the UN officials along with the corporate and government officials believe that globalization is principally beneficial and all it needs is just a bit of tinkering here and there. An editorial in the Washington Post on the UN Global Compact read that globalization only needs a softener to dull its sharp edges and increase the allocation of its benefits. In his speech to corporate leaders in 1999 at Davos, Switzerland, the Secretary General of UN Mr. Kofi Annan warned of a threatening backlash against globalization, he advocated that recognition of human and labor rights, and environmental principles are absolutely essential to avoid any threats to the open global market, and especially the multilateral trading regime. Mr. Annan by proclaiming that globalization must be protected by putting a more human face on it, and by declaring that social values need to be advanced as part and parcel of the globalization process, has clearly taken sides with the corporate agenda at a time when this agenda itself is increasingly under scrutiny. In order to keep it simple and attractive for companies, the ten principles of the UNDC are basically one-liners. They are just an example of the minimalist code of corporate conduct. The ten principles do not provide adequate guidance to corporations about the conduct that is expected from them and their responsibilities. Most of the UN Global Compacts ten principles cannot be defined with the precision that is required for creating a practical code of conduct. The ambiguity of the ten principles is in essence counter-productive from the perspective of both the sincere as well as the insincere corporate citizens. The language with which the principles are defined is so general that insincere corporations can easily side step or conform to the principles without doing anything to promote human rights or labor standards. The Secretary General of UN along with various agency heads have displayed very poor judgment by letting numerous known and proven human rights, labor rights and environmental violators to sign up with the UNGC. Specific partners of the Compact include companies like Shell (Oil major), Nike (Human rights violator), Rio Tinto, BP (Oil Major), Novartis, Aracruz, Daimler Chrysler, BASF, Bayer and DuPont (environment troubles). In a few of these cases, the choices are blatantly violating UNs own guidelines that read, Companies which violate human rights are not eligible for partnership.Many other companies are part of the compact that are not accused explicitly of such clear violations, but they are giants of industries like oil and petroleum, genetical engineering and heavy chemicals. People broadly oppose the impact of these companies on the community, the workers and the environment. Additionally, the International Chamber of Commerce, which mostly represents big businesses, has been a major force for the corporate side of the UN Global Compact. The International Chamber of Commerce more than often lobbies for diminishing the impact of international agreements that governs their members behavior-accords that are often brokered by the UN. One often sees Public-private partnerships being used for specific projects with definite goals. The UNs is however is using this term much more generally. One would normally assume that a partnership is created only when all the partners have the same goals. Its tough to understand why UN is partnering with corporations that have completely different goals. Modern corporations acknowledge that there are various other stakeholders than their shareholders, but in concrete terms they are only accountable to their shareholders, on the other hand the UN is based on a promise to promote ethical principles and is accountable to the people. Sometimes the UN and corporate agenda concur; but most of the times they are at odds. The Director of UNICEF Carol Bellamy once said that it was dangerous to assume that the goals of the private sector were somehow synonymous with those of the UN, because they most emphatically were not. It is quite obvious to everyone that its not possible to forge a partnership with an institution whose interests are antithetical to yours own. It is not possible for the UN to simultaneously regulate as well as partner with the same corporations. Its not that The UN can avoid all interactions with corporations; it has to interact with then when it needs to buy goods and services or to hold the corporations accountable, but UN should take care not to partner with them except when the organizations share its goals. Every company wants to project certain values and a certain image. Disney wants to represent wholesome family entertainment. McDonalds advertises itself as fast, friendly food. Nike is associated with the joy of sports and Shell, Chevron and BP and other oil companies promote their own commitment to environmental stewardship. But, to many people, Nike also means sweatshops in poor Asian countries, McDonalds often signifies unhealthy junk food that causes obesity and, Disney means sweatshops and promotion of stereotypes, Shell is linked with various human rights violations and environment destruction, and the whole oil industry is notorious for global warming, greed and abuse of its power. When Kofi Annan joins the CEOs of such companies on the main stage, or whenever a UN agency partners with such corporations in a joint venture, the message that is sent out to the public is very disturbing. As it is described in the UNDP guidelines, whenever a UN agency is engaged in a public relations activity within the framework of a corporate relationship, a mutual image transfer inevitably takes place. The image transfer that takes place tarnishes the pure UNs image, and gives the chance to big corporations to bluewash their bad image by associating themselves with the UN. When pharmaceutical majors like Novartis and Aventis are seen by the public as a part of the UN Global Compact, the public gets an impression that the UN has officially endorsed their products despite the enormous controversy surrounding these companies. The UN represents values such as world peace, security, human rights, environment consciousness and global well being. These values should remain distinct from the commercial values of companies. Once the image of UN is tarnished with corporate logos, the compromising of its noble values may follow. The most crucial aspect relating to the Global Compact is accountability. The reluctance of U.S. based companies to enlist with the Global Compact focuses on the issue of accountability. In todays environment of increasing skepticism about the true motives of the corporations, the legitimacy of the UN Global compact comes into question if it operates without a traditional accountability structure. The Global Compact does not have a monitoring or an enforcement mechanism. This means that the companies that enlist with the Compact get a chance to declare their commitment to UN principles without making any promise to follow up on them. The corporate partners of the UNGC have made it explicit that such a lax arrangement is precondition for their participation. Maria Livianos Cattui, the secretary-general of the ICC recently said that businesses would not agree to any suggestion that involves external assessment of their performance, whether it is by any special interest groups or by any UN agencies. The Global Compact is not a qualification the corporations have to meet; it is merely a joint commitment to shared social values. It is imperative that the Global Compact does not become a tool by which the governments burden business with prescriptive regulations. The critics on the Global Compact fall into two major categories and both need to be addressed. Most scholars researching on codes of conduct regard the Global Compact as just another code of conduct without any accountability, its merely a public relations document. The question that arises is that how can the public know that a business that claims to be following the principles prescribed under the Global Compact is actually doing so? These scholars argue that an independent monitoring group that translates general principles into operating standards with quantifiable and objective measures is the only way to insure that the companies are held accountable. A much more fundamental criticism arises from the Non Governmental Organizations and other organizations that are critical of economic globalization. Their view is that the Global Compact is a cover-up story that provides legitimacy to an idea, which has yet to prove itself. They argue for the creation of a mandatory legal framework that guarantees that the companies are held accountable even to the least advantaged in the global economy. Another difficulty with the accountability issue is the ambiguous nature of the Global Compacts principles on human rights. Is it possible to reach a consensus that genuinely captures the expectations of society? Most of the companies are in broad agreement with the Global Compacts principles relating to human rights, but there is a fear amongst them that enlisting with the Compact would create societal expectations that these companies are obligated to correct human rights abuses. Where and how can a line be drawn on the responsibilities of companies in the area of human rights? Few MNCs have come to understand that it is imperative for them to become proactive and live up to the expectations of society in a global economy, but these companies also understand that these expectations in the area of human rights are often unclear. In the litigious business environment of the United States, companies display reluctance in signing the Compact without having a clear idea of what their re sponsibilities are and what is their accountability. The Global Compact is not a state focused corporate citizenship program, but in spite of that nations are amongst the key stakeholders from which the Global Compact requires support. Blackett suggests that it might be necessary to highlight the role of governments in successfully implementing the Compact principles. But till now the UN has failed to work out a proper role of governments in ensuring that the participant of the Compact live up to their commitments. On the contrary, the Shanghai Declaration has suggested that businesses could use UNGC to set demands and exert undue influence over governments. If this go too far and the businesses start dictating the business of the Global Compact Office and international law generally, then even this partnership might face a crisis of legitimacy among states and other stakeholders.

Racial Diversity Essay

Associate Program Material Racial Diversity in Society Worksheet Part I Complete the following using the MySocLab Social Explorer Map: Income Inequality by Race (located on the student website) as a reference: †¢ Select 1 racial group from the list below: o African American o Asian American o Arab American o Hispanic American/Latino o White/Caucasian †¢ Write a 150- to 300-word summary of the economic, social, and political standings of that group. Use additional resources if necessary, from the University Library or your textbooks. Provide citations for all the sources you use. As we all know in history we have noticed that the white race has been the most dominant and the most successful races in our history. Since the beginning of time the Europeans were very successful with importing and exporting of goods. Most of the successful businesses are ran by the white race who are still trying to expand their businesses in other countries. When it comes social most white people fit some of the stereotypes given to them. An example of this is that they are known to be very polite with any person they meet and try to help them as much as they can to the best of their abilities. In the political standings most of our presidents, congressmen, and senates are of the white race. This is something has been seen ever since the government was established. The white race is known to have the biggest influence over every other political system in the world. Part II Answer the following in 50 to 150 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is racism? In what ways does racism affect diversity? Racism is a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racism affects diversity by creating separate groups of different races. This would cause conflict between the same race that split into different sections. How do racial groups interact in contemporary America? Are interactions positive, negative, or neutral? Support your response using proper citations. The interaction of racial groups in America all depends on the type of situation or conversation they are having. There are times where certain interactions between people are positive, negative or neutral it mostly depends on the topic or situation that is going on. Some situations can turn out bad and others can actually cause a positive change in a person’s thought process of something. Are there existing social inequities based on race? Why or why not? There are social in equalities based on race today especially when it comes to minorities coming into the country. We see on the news and hear stories of minorities who are trying to make a difference in their lives and get judged just because they might of come to this countrie illegally. What do you believe to be the causes of racial prejudice and discrimination in today’s society? I feel that the cause of racial prejudice and discrimination in today’s society is that many people like to follow what others do and feel that by them joining in on the prejudice that they will get accepted. Also I feel that assumption plays a role in this because a lot of people like to judge others on things they do or the way they dress or even by just the way the person looks.

Cause and Effect Essay (Smoking Cigarettes) Essay

â€Å"Each year, an estimated 443,000 people die prematurely from smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, and another 8.6 million live with a serious illness caused by smoking†(Mehta). One of the most common problems today that are killing people, all over the world, is smoking. Many people start this horrible habit because of stress, personal issues and high blood pressure. Some people began showing off or some people wanted to enjoy it . One cigarette can result in smoking others, which can lead to major addiction. When someone smokes a cigarette they are not only hurting themselves, but are also hurting others around them. Smoking affects the body by turning the skin color yellow, producing an odor, and making the skin age faster. â€Å"Smoking also causes diseases such as coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer†(Mehta). Not long ago smoking was considered a casual past time with people smoking in restaurants and around childre n but now we know the consequences can now be dire to the environment, your health, and the others around you. The smoking addiction is quite the costly habit. In many cities, a pack of cigarettes costs close to $10. For the two pack per day smoker, this averages more than $500 per month. This sort of expense can be eliminated from one’s life thus causing one to have a much more flexible budget. The costs of smoking, however, is not limited only to one’s bank account. The costs of smoking has a great impact on one’s health also. When people are addicted, they have a compulsive need to seek out and use a substance, even when they understand the harm it can cause. â€Å"Someone who is addicted to cigarette smoking smokes two or more packs per day, anywhere and for more than a few years† (Lee). It is actually the nicotine in tobacco that is addictive. â€Å"Each cigarette contains about 10 milligrams of nicotine. Because the smoker inhales only some of the smoke from a cigarette, and not all of each puff is absorbed in the lungs, a smoker gets about 1 to 2 milligrams of the drug from each cigarette†( Mehta). Although that may not seem like much, it is enough to create an addiction. Nicotine is only one of more than 4,000 chemicals, many of which are poisonous, found in the smoke from tobacco products. Cigarettes poison the body both physically and mentally and also have social effects. Smoking can lead to social problems because it causes bad breath, and odorous smell and often isolation. Every time the smoker speaks, a pungent smell emanates from the mouth and towards the listener. Smoking also causes a pungent smell to linger on the body and clothes of the smoker. The smoking smell is very strong and it affects the listener. The smoke attaches to the body of the smoker. Smoking is not only dangerous to your well being but also the health of others and the environment. When you breathe in smoke that comes from the end of a lit cigarette, cigar, or pipe that is exhaled by a smoker, you’re inhaling almost the same amount of chemicals as the smoker breathes in. â€Å"Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 different chemical compounds, more than 50 of which are known to cause cancer† (Shields ). These are just a few of the chemicals that float into your lungs when you are exposed to secondhand smoke Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Some of these harmful effects are immediate. Nicotine addiction is hard to beat because it changes your brain. The brain develops extra nicotine receptors to accommodate the large doses of nicotine from tobacco. When the brain stops getting the nicotine it’s used to, the result is nicotine withdrawal. A person may feel anxious, irritable, and have strong cravings for nicotine. Smoking takes a toll on one’s mouth. Smokers have more oral health problems than non-smokers, such as mouth sores, ulcers and gum disease. Smokers are also more likely to get cancers of the mouth and throat. Smoking can cause the skin to be dry and lose elasticity, leading to wrinkles and stretch marks. The skin tone may become dull and grayish. By one’s early 30s, wrinkles can begin to appear around the mouth and eyes, causing drastic aging. Smoking raises your blood pressure and puts stress on your heart. Over time, stress on the heart can wea ken it, making it less able to pump blood to other parts of the body. Carbon monoxide from inhaled cigarette smoke also contributes to a lack of oxygen, making the heart work even harder. This increases the risk of heart disease, including heart attacks. Smoking effects the body by turning the skin color yellow, producing an odor, and making the skin age more. Smoking is considered as one of the most dangerous habits of an individual. â€Å"20% of persons living in the United States still smoke, and smoking remains the number one cause of preventable mortality† (Tolstrup). There are numerous harmful as well as dangerous effects related to smoking. Carbon monoxide and nicotine in cigarette smoke has been related to several adverse impacts on the lungs and heart. Smoking causes damage to the internal body, causing alterations to the quality of internal organs. For example, smoking affects the lung by damaging the air sac. Damaging the air sac limits the passageway of air, and progressively leads to emphysema. Smoking also leads to the increased probability of cancer, such as lung cancer and heart failure. Ultimately, reliance on smoking damages the human body, causing more susceptibility to diseases. â€Å"Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease.†(Shields). Carbon monoxide and nicotine both put a strain on the heart by making it work faster. They also increase your risk of blood clots. Other chemicals in cigarette smoke damage the lining of your coronary arteries, leading to furring of the arteries. If you smoke, you increase your risk of developing heart disease. â€Å"Smoking cigarettes is harmful to health†(Lee), that is a warming sentence which shown on pack of cigarettes. Therefore, the effects of smoking cigarettes on human’s life are serious. Smoking has become a trend in today’s world, even though people know how harmful it is. Smoking causes are obvious it will ruin your health and give you series of health issues. Smoking affects not only you but other around you. It is terrible for health as well as personal appearance. In the end, those who choose to smoke and the others around them are affected the most by this life threatening activity. Smoking is a habit which individuals find difficult to quit. Both the causes and effects of smoking has hazardous outcomes that are preventable. The thorough understanding of the chemical as well as smoking internal and external effects of the body are important in order to to battle the issue facing the entire nation. Works Cited Lee, Joann, and Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher. â€Å"What Does It Take To Be A Smoker? Adolescents’ Characterization Of Different Smoker Types.† Nicotine & Tobacco Research 13.11 (2011): 1106-1113. Consumer Health Complete – EBSCOhost. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. Mehta, Neil, and Samuel Preston. â€Å"Continued Increases In The Relative Risk Of Death From Smoking.† American Journal Of Public Health 102.11 (2012): 2181-2186. Business Source Complete. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. Shields, Margot, and Kathryn Wilkins. â€Å"Smoking, Smoking CessationSmoking Cessation And Heart Disease Risk: A 16-Year Follow-Up Study.† Health Reports 24.2 (2013): 12-22. Consumer Health CompleteComplete – EBSCOhost. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. Tolstrup, Janne S., et al. â€Å"Smoking And Risk Of Coronary Heart Disease In Younger, Middle-Aged, And Older Adults.† American Journal Of Public Health 104.1 (2014): 96-102. Business Source Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2014.